Skyrmionics: From Magnetic Excitations to Functioning Low-Energy Devices
Lead Research Organisation:
Durham University
Department Name: Physics
Abstract
Tony Skyrme proposed that under special circumstances it is possible to stabilize vortex-like whirls in fields to produce topologically stable objects. This idea, effectively of creating a new type of fundamental particle, has been realised with the recent discovery of skyrmions in magnetic materials. The confirmation of the existence of skyrmions in chiral magnets and of their self-organization into a skyrmion lattice has made skyrmion physics arguably the hottest topic in magnetism research at the moment. Skyrmions are excitations of matter whose occurrence and collective properties are mysterious, but which hold promise for advancing our basic understanding of matter and also for technological deployment as highly efficient memory elements. Following the discovery of skyrmions in a variety of materials, several urgent questions remain which are holding back the field: what are the general properties of the phase transitions that lead to the skyrmion lattice phase, the nature of its structure, excitations and stability and how might we exploit the unique magnetic properties of this matter in future devices? These questions have only recently begun to be addressed by several large international consortia and are far from being resolved. For the UK to contend in this highly competitive field a major project is required that brings together UK experts in materials synthesis and state-of-the-art theoretical and experimental techniques. We propose the first funded UK national programme to investigate skyrmions, skyrmion lattices and skyrmionic devices. Our systematic approach, combining experts from different fields is aimed at answering basic questions about the status of magnetic skyrmions and working with industrial partners to develop technological applications founded on this physics.
Planned Impact
{Knowledge impact: scientific}
Our research will generate immediate and significant cross-disciplinary impact that will benefit physicists, chemists and materials scientists studying magnetism, the wider community of many-body quantum mechanics and topological physics, and the areas of technological applications of magnetism and materials simulation. We are especially excited that this will impact across disciplines, enabling us to extend our research to those in the areas of materials discovery, thin film growth, topological physics and technological development.
{Knowledge impact: technical}
We will work towards the design of a skymionic device that will open up prospects for ultra-low power information and storage technologies. This will address the ever-increasing demands for processing and storing extraordinarily large amounts of data. Current spintronic devices work by reversing the magnetic ordering within micron-sized ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions are of size 10 - 100 nm and are remarkably mobile. They can be created, transported and manipulated by electric and magnetic fields. Electrical current densities of 10^6 Am^-2 can cause skyrmion motion, which compares with 10^11 Am^-2 required to move ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions therefore represent a potential route to high-density, low-energy magnetic storage and the smallest micromagnetic configuration objects for novel ultra low-power magnetoelectrical devices. We aim to develop skyrmionic materials towards the point of deployment in device applications in collaboration with our industrial partners. Also key to our proposal is the development and use of state-of-the-art measurement technologies and theoretical techniques. Working closely with industry we will align our scientific programme with the engineering and commercial realities of modern-day information technologies.
{Economic impact and IP}
The potential economic impact of skyrmionics is enormous. Ultra high density magnetic storage and low energy magnetic sensors could result from our research. IP generated in fields such as magnetic devices and information processing/computing will be identified and protected with the assistance of the knowledge transfer services from the institutions involved.
{People and training}
A project of this scale which involves significant staff time provides an opportunity to exploit a powerful and varied platform for training. This will centre around the cohort of PDRAs, who will be trained in a variety of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical techniques including crystal and film growth, physical characterization and experimentation, theoretical modelling and industrial work. Each will benefit from the diverse range of techniques we will employ as part of the project and also from the range of working environments involved. Senior PDRAs will play a role in mentoring junior colleagues and supervising the work of PhD students. The PDRAs will manage and organise internal project meetings and seminars along with writing an electronic project newsletter and blog on the project website.
{Outreach}
Topological objects are not limited to skyrmions, but include domain walls (used in memory applications), vortices (used in superconducting devices) and monopoles (thought to exist in the early Universe). These are of increasing importance in modern science and technology but are relatively unexplored in the classroom, despite the fact that they are most easily explained with pictures rather than sophisticated mathematics. We will initiate an outreach effort as part of this project combining workshops for Key Stage 3 students along with an outreach website aimed at the established web-based community of popular science enthusiasts. Our outreach project aims to introduce the ideas of topological physics to a broad audience and stress its great potential for applications in future technologies.
Our research will generate immediate and significant cross-disciplinary impact that will benefit physicists, chemists and materials scientists studying magnetism, the wider community of many-body quantum mechanics and topological physics, and the areas of technological applications of magnetism and materials simulation. We are especially excited that this will impact across disciplines, enabling us to extend our research to those in the areas of materials discovery, thin film growth, topological physics and technological development.
{Knowledge impact: technical}
We will work towards the design of a skymionic device that will open up prospects for ultra-low power information and storage technologies. This will address the ever-increasing demands for processing and storing extraordinarily large amounts of data. Current spintronic devices work by reversing the magnetic ordering within micron-sized ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions are of size 10 - 100 nm and are remarkably mobile. They can be created, transported and manipulated by electric and magnetic fields. Electrical current densities of 10^6 Am^-2 can cause skyrmion motion, which compares with 10^11 Am^-2 required to move ferromagnetic domains. Skyrmions therefore represent a potential route to high-density, low-energy magnetic storage and the smallest micromagnetic configuration objects for novel ultra low-power magnetoelectrical devices. We aim to develop skyrmionic materials towards the point of deployment in device applications in collaboration with our industrial partners. Also key to our proposal is the development and use of state-of-the-art measurement technologies and theoretical techniques. Working closely with industry we will align our scientific programme with the engineering and commercial realities of modern-day information technologies.
{Economic impact and IP}
The potential economic impact of skyrmionics is enormous. Ultra high density magnetic storage and low energy magnetic sensors could result from our research. IP generated in fields such as magnetic devices and information processing/computing will be identified and protected with the assistance of the knowledge transfer services from the institutions involved.
{People and training}
A project of this scale which involves significant staff time provides an opportunity to exploit a powerful and varied platform for training. This will centre around the cohort of PDRAs, who will be trained in a variety of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical techniques including crystal and film growth, physical characterization and experimentation, theoretical modelling and industrial work. Each will benefit from the diverse range of techniques we will employ as part of the project and also from the range of working environments involved. Senior PDRAs will play a role in mentoring junior colleagues and supervising the work of PhD students. The PDRAs will manage and organise internal project meetings and seminars along with writing an electronic project newsletter and blog on the project website.
{Outreach}
Topological objects are not limited to skyrmions, but include domain walls (used in memory applications), vortices (used in superconducting devices) and monopoles (thought to exist in the early Universe). These are of increasing importance in modern science and technology but are relatively unexplored in the classroom, despite the fact that they are most easily explained with pictures rather than sophisticated mathematics. We will initiate an outreach effort as part of this project combining workshops for Key Stage 3 students along with an outreach website aimed at the established web-based community of popular science enthusiasts. Our outreach project aims to introduce the ideas of topological physics to a broad audience and stress its great potential for applications in future technologies.
Organisations
- Durham University (Lead Research Organisation)
- RIKEN (Collaboration)
- Toshiba (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (Project Partner)
- Institut Laue-Langevin (Project Partner)
- Technical University of Munich (Project Partner)
- PSI (Switzerland) (Project Partner)
- Dalhousie University (Project Partner)
- Samsung (United Kingdom) (Project Partner)
- Seagate (United States) (Project Partner)
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Project Partner)
- IBM (United States) (Project Partner)
- Diamond Light Source (Project Partner)
- Cardiff University (Project Partner)
- Tamkang University (Project Partner)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (Project Partner)
- University of Parma (Project Partner)
Publications
Štefancic A
(2020)
Establishing magneto-structural relationships in the solid solutions of the skyrmion hosting family of materials: GaV4S8-ySey.
in Scientific reports
Štefancic A
(2018)
Origin of skyrmion lattice phase splitting in Zn-substituted Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review Materials
Zhang SL
(2018)
Manipulation of skyrmion motion by magnetic field gradients.
in Nature communications
Zhang SL
(2018)
Direct Observation of Twisted Surface skyrmions in Bulk Crystals.
in Physical review letters
Zhang S
(2017)
Direct experimental determination of spiral spin structures via the dichroism extinction effect in resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering
in Physical Review B
Zhang S
(2018)
Reciprocal space tomography of 3D skyrmion lattice order in a chiral magnet.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Zhang S
(2016)
Imaging and manipulation of skyrmion lattice domains in Cu2OSeO3
in Applied Physics Letters
Zhang S
(2018)
Real-Space Observation of Skyrmionium in a Ferromagnet-Magnetic Topological Insulator Heterostructure.
in Nano letters
Zhang S
(2020)
Robust Perpendicular Skyrmions and Their Surface Confinement.
in Nano letters
Zhang S
(2016)
The magneto-Hall difference and the planar extraordinary Hall balance
in AIP Advances
Zeissler K
(2020)
Diameter-independent skyrmion Hall angle observed in chiral magnetic multilayers.
in Nature communications
Xie X
(2023)
Observation of the skyrmion side-face state in a chiral magnet
in Physical Review B
Wood G
(2023)
Double- Q ground state with topological charge stripes in the centrosymmetric skyrmion candidate GdRu 2 Si 2
in Physical Review B
Winkler T
(2021)
Skyrmion States in Disk Geometry
in Physical Review Applied
Wilson M
(2021)
Spin dynamics in bulk MnNiGa and Mn 1.4 Pt 0.9 Pd 0.1 Sn investigated by muon spin relaxation
in Physical Review B
Wilson M
(2019)
Measuring the formation energy barrier of skyrmions in zinc-substituted Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review B
Wilson M
(2020)
Stability and metastability of skyrmions in thin lamellae of Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review Research
Williams R
(2020)
Near-ideal molecule-based Haldane spin chain
in Physical Review Research
Wang W
(2018)
Current-induced instability of domain walls in cylindrical nanowires.
in Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal
Vousden M
(2016)
Skyrmions in thin films with easy-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy
in Applied Physics Letters
Van Der Laan G
(2021)
Depth profiling of 3D skyrmion lattices in a chiral magnet-A story with a twist
in AIP Advances
Van Der Laan G
(2022)
Polarization analysis by means of individual soft x-ray absorption spectra of rare earths
in Physical Review B
Twitchett-Harrison AC
(2022)
Confinement of Skyrmions in Nanoscale FeGe Device-like Structures.
in ACS applied electronic materials
Turnbull LA
(2021)
Tilted X-Ray Holography of Magnetic Bubbles in MnNiGa Lamellae.
in ACS nano
Turnbull L
(2022)
X-ray holographic imaging of magnetic surface spirals in FeGe lamellae
in Physical Review B
Steinke N
(2022)
Magnetic correlations in the magnetic topological insulator ( Cr , Sb ) 2 Te 3
in Physical Review B
Sandberg L
(2021)
Emergent magnetic behavior in the frustrated Yb 3 Ga 5 O 12 garnet
in Physical Review B
Ran K
(2022)
Axially Bound Magnetic Skyrmions: Glueing Topological Strings Across an Interface.
in Nano letters
Ran K
(2021)
Creation of a Chiral Bobber Lattice in Helimagnet-Multilayer Heterostructures.
in Physical review letters
Qureshi N
(2022)
Magnetic structures of geometrically frustrated SrGd 2 O 4 derived from powder and single-crystal neutron diffraction
in Physical Review B
Qureshi N
(2021)
Field-induced magnetic states in geometrically frustrated SrEr2O4
in SciPost Physics
Powalla L
(2023)
Seeding and Emergence of Composite Skyrmions in a van der Waals Magnet.
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Pepper R
(2018)
Skyrmion states in thin confined polygonal nanostructures
in Journal of Applied Physics
Nawa K
(2021)
Modification of the van der Waals interaction at the Bi 2 Te 3 and Ge(111) interface
in Physical Review Materials
Moorsom T
(2020)
p -anisotropy: A nanocarbon route to hard magnetism
in Physical Review B
Moody S
(2021)
Experimental evidence of a change of exchange anisotropy sign with temperature in Zn-substituted Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review Research
Mitschek M
(2022)
Probing the magnetic polaron state in the ferromagnetic semiconductor HgCr 2 Se 4 with muon-spin spectroscopy and resistance-fluctuation measurements
in Physical Review B
McLeish T
(2019)
Emergence and topological order in classical and quantum systems
in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics
Mañas-Valero S
(2021)
Quantum phases and spin liquid properties of 1T-TaS2
in npj Quantum Materials
Mayoh D
(2021)
Evidence for the coexistence of time-reversal symmetry breaking and Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-like superconductivity in La 7 Pd 3
in Physical Review B
Mayoh D
(2021)
Anisotropic superconductivity and unusually robust electronic critical field in single crystal La 7 Ir 3
in Physical Review Materials
Mayoh D
(2021)
Effects of Fe Deficiency and Co Substitution in Polycrystalline and Single Crystals of Fe 3 GeTe 2
in Crystal Growth & Design
Mayoh D
(2022)
Giant topological and planar Hall effect in Cr 1 / 3 NbS 2
in Physical Review Research
Maskery I
(2016)
Bulk crystal growth and surface preparation of NiSb, MnSb, and NiMnSb
in Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena
Léger M
(2021)
Field-temperature phase diagram of the enigmatic Nd 2 ( Zr 1 - x Ti x ) 2 O 7 pyrochlore magnets
in Physical Review B
Loudon JC
(2019)
Do Images of Biskyrmions Show Type-II Bubbles?
in Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
Loudon J
(2018)
Direct observation of attractive skyrmions and skyrmion clusters in the cubic helimagnet Cu 2 OSeO 3
in Physical Review B
Liu J
(2019)
Unconventional Field-Induced Spin Gap in an S=1/2 Chiral Staggered Chain.
in Physical review letters
Liu J
(2020)
Kerr effect anomaly in magnetic topological insulator superlattices.
in Nanotechnology
Description | Members of the Skyrmion project have discovered a method of measuring the topological charge, or winding number, of topological objects such as Skyrmions using polarised x-rays |
Exploitation Route | A new way to experimentally determine the topological winding number of a system has been discovered The elegant mathematical concept of topology generally describes a system's protected symmetry, which cannot be captured by the well-established symmetry-breaking theories. Driven by the enormous success of topological insulators and magnetic skyrmions, topologically protected materials are at the centre of attention. However, until now, the experimental determination of topological properties of materials was very indirect, and heavily relying on theoretical modelling in support of the experimental data. In a recent article in Nature Communications, scientists report on a new general physical principle that allows direct access to the topological property of materials. |
Sectors | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Electronics,Energy |
URL | http://www.diamond.ac.uk/Science/Research/Highlights/2017/topological-knots.html |
Description | Participation in Science Festival Durham for School children Participation in Celebrate Science festival for children and families Saturday Morning Science Lecture for Children and families |
Sector | Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Education,Electronics,Energy |
Impact Types | Cultural,Societal,Economic |
Description | JSPS Summer scholarship for PhD student Max Birch to undertake research in Japan |
Organisation | RIKEN |
Department | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) |
Country | Japan |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | PhD student Max Birch applied to JSPS and was awarded a Summer fellowship which covered return travel to Japan and living expenses for 10 weeks in 2018. During his time in Japan he undertook research on skyrmions which led to joint publications. |
Collaborator Contribution | Supervision of PhD student, cost of equipment and consumables used. Travel by RIKEN staff to UK for research meetings. |
Impact | Research papers written. Details supplied under outputs. |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | JSPS Summer scholarship for PhD student Sam Moody |
Organisation | RIKEN |
Country | Japan |
Sector | Public |
PI Contribution | Student preparing research programme, producing samples to take to Japan. Joint research undertaken with RIKEN. |
Collaborator Contribution | Supervision of PhD student for 10 week period. Joint research undertaken with Durham. |
Impact | The visit in Summer 2020 was delayed because of Covid until 2021. The visit happened August 2022 - November 2022. |
Start Year | 2019 |
Title | ubermag/micromagnetictests: Universal micromagnetic tests for different calculators. |
Description | Micromagnetic tests for Ubermag calculators |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3707736 |
Title | ubermag/micromagnetictests: Universal micromagnetic tests for different calculators. |
Description | Micromagnetic tests for Ubermag calculators |
Type Of Technology | Software |
Year Produced | 2020 |
Open Source License? | Yes |
URL | https://zenodo.org/record/3707737 |