SEE MORE MAKE MORE: Secondary Electron Energy Measurement Optimisation for Reliable Manufacturing of Key Materials

Lead Research Organisation: University of Sheffield
Department Name: Materials Science and Engineering

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, is an exciting new form of industrial production that promises to revolutionise sectors as diverse as healthcare, energy, aerospace, and transport. By allowing stronger, lighter, and more complex components to be formed from a variety of materials, AM will play a critical role in meeting emerging technological needs over the coming decades. One area in which AM is already generating huge excitement is in bone tissue engineering for the production of implants for patients who have degenerative diseases or who need, for example, facial reconstruction following an accident or cancer. However, making large and load-bearing implants reproducibly is still a significant challenge. AM theoretically allows the reproduction of extremely complex geometries while also accounting for variation in the structural, mechanical, and cellular properties of bone tissue. Such flexibility will be essential to produce load-bearing 3D printed bones that have the strength to replace metal-based implants but which also mimic intricate vascular networks.

Much of the flexibility of AM arises from its use of composites which combine the desirable properties of several different materials. Increasingly, in a form of AM that uses a laser to continually melt (sinter) the composite material, polymers are mixed with nano-carbon to make materials stronger and more conductive. However, an outstanding challenge in the field is to ensure that the carbon is evenly distributed throughout the matrix polymer to produce printed components with reliable properties. We also need to be able to monitor nanocarbon distribution in real time during AM which will require new, innovative methods of advanced metrology.

Using the unique facilities and experience of our team, we will address these engineering challenges to provide the AM community with a step-change in their ability to produce bespoke high-quality components. To do this, we will build on significant breakthroughs we have recently made in developing new methods of hyperspectral imaging, that is, techniques that allow us to map the chemical and structural properties of a material and how these change under different conditions. Using electrons as a probe provides information on how nanocarbon particles interact with each other and their environment, for example, when heated with a laser. Such information is critical to optimise AM processes but, because this technique operates at the nanometer level, it is not practical for monitoring whole components whilst they are printed. For this, we will use another method of hyperspectral imaging based on thermal emission, similar to how we can measure temperature from the familiar glow emitted by hot coal in a fire. By combining these methods of electron imaging and thermal emission detection, we will be able to control how nanocarbon is distributed throughout a composite material and how this affects critical macroscale properties such as porosity, conductivity, strength, and surface finish. Together, this new hyperspectral imaging framework will benefit researchers and industry using AM for various applications leading to gains in cost, yield, energy efficiency, and lifetime.

Once our framework is established, we will demonstrate its effectiveness by applying it to AM of bone tissue scaffolds from a novel composite we will develop containing nanocarbon mixed with a biocompatible polymer. By optimizing the laser heating process and controlling nanocarbon distribution and state, we will make scaffolds that are fit for clinical use, as validated through tests with our industry partner Lucideon. Other partners include NPL, ASTeC, YPS, Spintex, and FBK who will enhance the impact of our project through applications in Li ion batteries, pharmaceuticals, energy materials, and accelerator technologies.

Publications

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Farr NTH (2023) Characterization in respect to degradation of titanium-coated polypropylene surgical mesh explanted from humans. in Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials

 
Title Archival Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of various material systems. 
Description SEM Images featured in the BBC series called 'Big and Small'. Produced by Furnace Films for BBC4. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2022 
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/media/Archival_Scanning_Electron_Microscope_SEM_images_of_vario...
 
Title Engineering Reborn - SEM Image collection 
Description SEM Image collection used for the TV show "Engineering Reborn". In this returnable series, we explore the engineering challenges behind transforming abandoned architecture, into the structures of the future. Pioneer Television and Film Productions Limited at No.1 Smiths Square, 77-85 Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8JA. 
Type Of Art Film/Video/Animation 
Year Produced 2022 
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/figure/Engineering_Reborn_-_SEM_Image_collection/20631357
 
Description Powders are widely used in manufacturing. This includes carbon blacks, commonly used in manufacturing of batteries, fuel cells, and powder metallurgical applications, as well as polymer powders. The presence and nanoscale distribution of chemical bonds on the surfaces of powders can determine key performance parameters such as the lifetime of products that use such powders. Knowledge of the nanoscale distribution of chemical bonds at powder surfaces can improve various products, some of which are vital for reaching net zero. We have developed novel techniques to inspect powder surfaces for their nanoscale bonding, together with a visualisation tool to aid interpretation of the results. We are now exploring with relevant companies how these data can be used in their R&D. We have found that the same visualisation tool can be used to detect the presence of local chemical changes in surgical implants at fibre surfaces very early, for example in polypropylene meshes for pelvic floor repair. In particular, we have been able to detect minute and localised changes in the fibre surfaces resulting from the exposure to macrophages (cells that regulate tissue repair and maintenance), and that such surface changes in return affect the macrophages. This finding opens up new and unexpected opportunities to predict implant failure based on very subtle changes at the implant surface. It has opened up new opportunities for improving tissue engineering, which we have begun to explore in new collaborations.
Exploitation Route Data might be used by other as reference in many sectors, software tools might be used in many sectors to discover, visualise and understand nanoscale chemical variations. on powder, fibre or film surfaces that when undetected so far but is likely to be responsible for performance limits and unexpected failures. As such variation can impact performance limits and failure mechanisms we received enquires from different sectors (see below) and started to establish feasibility for use in specific manufacturing techniques and industrial R&D settings (funded by Industry). With support from The Urology Foundation and Medical Research Council (MRC) through the Confidence in Concept scheme we looked at poorly understood failures mechanism of pelvic floor mesh implants.
Sectors Electronics

Energy

Environment

Healthcare

Manufacturing

including Industrial Biotechology

Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology

 
Description Understanding failure of materials is particularly important in the context of medical implants that could lead to patient harm. A pause on the use of vaginal mesh implants for the treatment of uro-gynaecological conditions (stress urinary incontinence ('SUI') and pelvic organ prolapse ('POP')) is in place in the UK and other countries. We have started to apply the tools developed in this project to identify the failure mechanisms involved. Our first publication in this area gained attention from members of the public, Practitioners (doctors and other healthcare professionals) and other scientists not just within the UK but also in Poland, Australia, United States, Nigeria, Netherlands, France and Germany. This exposure has led to new international collaborations which will inform the development of new implant materials. Our tools are also currently being applied and evaluated by industry in the context of R&D to provide better solutions for specific energy materials systems.
First Year Of Impact 2022
 
Description Communication with Patient Safety Commissioner
Geographic Reach National 
Policy Influence Type Influenced training of practitioners or researchers
 
Description JM Ref: 769879 / EP-2023-0032 UoS Ref: 182228
Amount £34,902 (GBP)
Organisation Johnson Matthey 
Sector Private
Country United Kingdom
Start 08/2023 
End 06/2024
 
Description MRC Confidence in Concept Project - Reducing risks and accelerating development of biomaterials for use in the pelvic floor by introducing a new surface imaging technique
Amount £31,833 (GBP)
Organisation University of Sheffield 
Sector Academic/University
Country United Kingdom
Start 05/2022 
End 03/2023
 
Description Planned work on investigations in to the laser marking of surgical instruments and medical device materials using modern laser technologies
Amount £5,000 (GBP)
Organisation European Union 
Sector Public
Country European Union (EU)
Start 02/2023 
End 03/2023
 
Description Ptycho-tomography for composite 3D printing
Amount £70,000 (GBP)
Organisation Diamond Light Source 
Sector Private
Country United Kingdom
Start 04/2021 
End 05/2021
 
Description Ptycho-tomography for composite 3D printing for Tissue Engineering
Amount £70,000 (GBP)
Organisation Diamond Light Source 
Sector Private
Country United Kingdom
Start 12/2022 
End 12/2022
 
Description Sustainable manufacture of biodegradable film packaging from recalcitrant waste streams
Amount £758,964 (GBP)
Organisation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) 
Sector Public
Country United Kingdom
Start 05/2023 
End 05/2026
 
Description X-ray tomography for 3D bioprinting
Amount £40,000 (GBP)
Organisation Diamond Light Source 
Sector Private
Country United Kingdom
Start 03/2023 
End 04/2023
 
Title Data Package for "Assessing the quality of Oxygen-Plasma focused ion beam (O-PFIB) etching on polypropylene surfaces using Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging" 
Description Data Package for "Assessing the quality of Oxygen-Plasma focused ion beam (O-PFIB) etching on polypropylene surfaces using Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging" https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153247 Please read Article: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153247 to understand the data presented. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_Package_for_Assessing_the_quality_of_Oxygen-Plasma...
 
Title Data Package for "Revealing localised mechanochemistry of biomaterials using in-situ multiscale chemical analysis" 
Description Data Package for 'Revealing localised mechanochemistry of biomaterials using in-situ multiscale chemical analysis', Materials, 2022, 15(10), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103462. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_Package_for_Revealing_localised_mechanochemistry_o...
 
Title Data Package for "Revealing localised mechanochemistry of biomaterials using in-situ multiscale chemical analysis" 
Description Data Package for 'Revealing localised mechanochemistry of biomaterials using in-situ multiscale chemical analysis', Materials, 2022, 15(10), 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103462. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_Package_for_Revealing_localised_mechanochemistry_o...
 
Title Data for 'Low-voltage SEM of air-sensitive powders: From sample preparation to micro/nano analysis with secondary electron hyperspectral imaging' 
Description SEHI data volumes included in 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103234.For methodology of preparation, collection and data processing see section 5 of the published article.Corresponding SEHI data volume metadata in .json format. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2022 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact This dataset contains first hyperspectral secondary electron data collected from powders and can help other researchers to identify surface functional groups that are present on individual powder particles but remain hidden from many traditional characterisation methods. The datasets have been downloaded over 1314 times. 
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_for_Low-voltage_SEM_of_air-sensitive_powders_From_...
 
Title Data package for "Revealing The Morphology of Ink and Aerosol Jet Printed Palladium-Silver Alloys Fabricated from Metal Organic Decomposition Inks" 
Description Palladium films hold signicance due to their remarkable affinity for hydrogen diffusion, rendering them valauble for the seperation and purification of hydrogen in membrane reactors. However, palladium is expensive, and its films can become brittle after only a few cycles of hydrogen separation. Alloying with silver has been shown to overcome the problem of palladium embrittlement. Palladium-silver films have been produced via several methods but all have drawbacks, such as difficulties controlling the alloy composition. This study explores two promising jet printing methods: Inkjet and Aerosoljet. Both methods offer potential advantages such as direct patterning, which reduces waste, enables thin film production, and allows for the control of alloy composition. For the first time, palladium-silver alloys have been produced via inkjet printing using a palladium-silver metal organic decomposition (MOD) ink, which alloys at a temperature of 300 °C with nitrogen. Similarly, this study also demonstrates a pioneering approach for Aerosol Jet printing, showing the potential of a novel room-temperature method, for the deposition of palladium-silver MOD inks. This low temperature approach is considered an important development as palladium-silver MOD inks are originally designed for deposition on heated substrates.Contact: SM3 (SEE MORE MAKE MORE) project PI, Professor Cornelia Rodenburg, c.rodenburg@shefield.ac.uk. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2024 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Data set has been downloaded 32 times since publication. 
URL https://orda.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/Data_package_for_Revealing_The_Morphology_of_Ink_and_Aeroso...
 
Title SEHI (Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging) dataset of Metal alloy and Carbon film (Palladium Silver Carbon complex film) 
Description Contact: SM3 (SEE MORE MAKE MORE) project PI, Professor Cornelia Rodenburg, c.rodenburg@shefield.ac.uk.This data repository can be used as benchmark data for the purpose of material characterization, particularly for investigating nanostructures in materials using SEHI (Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging), as well as research in instrumentations (Scanning Electron Microscopy), and advanced image processing and data analysis (computer vision and machine learning) techniques.The complex metal alloy (palladium silver, abbreviated as PdAg) and carbon films were printed by University of Liverpool, and a Helios Nanolab G3 UC microscope was used to acquire the raw image stacks [1]. One can find information from [1] regarding the sample preparation, and experimental conditions. This dataset contains four processed SEHI stacks (cropped), and the associated metadata.[1] Abrams, K.J., Dapor, M., Stehling, N., Azzolini, M., Kyle, S.J., Schäfer, J., Quade, A., Mika, F., Kratky, S., Pokorna, Z., et al., 2019. Making sense of complex carbon and metal/carbon systems by secondary electron hyperspectral imaging. Advanced Science 6, 1900719. 
Type Of Material Database/Collection of data 
Year Produced 2023 
Provided To Others? Yes  
Impact Downloaded 32 times 
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/dataset/SEHI_Secondary_Electron_Hyperspectral_Imaging_dataset_o...
 
Description Cracow University of Technology - Carbon Black investigations 
Organisation Cracow University of Technology
Country Poland 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Sharing of sample materials. Sharing of analysis equipment. Joint publication submitted.
Collaborator Contribution Sharing of analysis equipment. Joint publication submitted.
Impact Submitted publication
Start Year 2022
 
Description Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno: Surface functionalisation of carbon black 
Organisation University of Salerno
Country Italy 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Analysis of materials
Collaborator Contribution Provided carbon black materials
Impact Paper submitted.
Start Year 2023
 
Description Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Rheinlandclinics Dormagen, University of Witten Herdecke: Titanium-coated polypropylene surgical mesh explanted from humans 
Organisation Witten/Herdecke University (UWH)
Country Germany 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Analysis of Explanted mesh
Collaborator Contribution Sharing of explanted materials
Impact https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbm.b.35221
Start Year 2022
 
Description Diamond Lightsource 
Organisation Diamond Light Source
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Private 
PI Contribution expertise, intellectual input and materials to demonstrably push boundaries of equipment on I-13-1
Collaborator Contribution expertise, intellectual input and help with data analysis
Impact multiple joint paper drafts in preparation
Start Year 2021
 
Description Loughborough University (SM3) 
Organisation Loughborough University
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Sharing of samples and technical assistance through the training of SEHI.
Collaborator Contribution Equipment access to upload SEHI protocols. Technical assistance through the application of SEHI
Impact Paper currently in drafting
Start Year 2021
 
Description Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland: Quantification of oxidative stress induced particle debris from polypropylene surgical mesh 
Organisation University of Queensland
Department Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences
Country Australia 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Analysis of Materials. Supply of materials.
Collaborator Contribution Analysis of materials.
Impact Publication under review @ nanoselect
Start Year 2022
 
Description University of Leeds (SM3) 
Organisation University of Leeds
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Sharing of samples and technical assistance through the training of SEHI.
Collaborator Contribution Equipment access to upload SEHI protocols. Technical assistance through the application of SEHI and training for cryo-SEM
Impact Paper currently undergoing drafting
Start Year 2021
 
Description University of Liverpool 
Organisation University of Liverpool
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution data, intellectual input on data processing/ analysis
Collaborator Contribution intellectual input on material
Impact information added to database
Start Year 2023
 
Description University of Oxford 
Organisation University of Oxford
Department Department of Materials
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution expertise, intellectual input or the training of staff
Collaborator Contribution access to data, equipment or facilities
Impact Paper: Low-voltage SEM of air-sensitive powders: from sample preparation to micro/nano analysis with Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103234
Start Year 2021
 
Description University of York (SM3) 
Organisation University of York
Department Department of Physics
Country United Kingdom 
Sector Academic/University 
PI Contribution Sharing of samples and technical assistance through the training of SEHI.
Collaborator Contribution Technical assistance through the development of novel SE electron detectors. Providing access to XPS system.
Impact Paper currently undergoing drafting
Start Year 2021
 
Title pysehi releases 
Description An archive of pysehi releases The maintained and most up-to-date code is hosted on github at https://github.com/operandos/pysehi 
Type Of Technology Software 
Year Produced 2023 
Open Source License? Yes  
URL https://figshare.shef.ac.uk/articles/software/pysehi_releases/22310068
 
Description A keynote speech at the International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES-23) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Other audiences
Results and Impact This was a key note talk on: "Machine Learning Methods for Sensor Data Fusion and Autonomous Systems".
The Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (KES-23) provides leading edge events on various aspects of Sustainable Technology including sustainable buildings, smart energy, sustainable design and manufacturing. It has
a community consisting of several thousand research scientists, academics, engineers and practitioners who participate in KES activities.

My talk stimulated a discussion about autonomous systems, deep learning methods and evaluation of their resilience.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
URL http://www.kesinternational.org/
 
Description Consulting on BBC Documentary 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Consulting on a BBC documentary presented by Jim Al Khalili and directed by Tim Usbourne on the origins and advancement of electron microscopy.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Consulting on Channel 4/ BBC Asia/ SBS Documentary 
Form Of Engagement Activity A broadcast e.g. TV/radio/film/podcast (other than news/press)
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Media (as a channel to the public)
Results and Impact Consulting on the Channel 4/ BBC Asia/ SBS Documentary "Engineering Reborn" presented by Passion Distribution.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022,2023
URL https://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/zh-hant/tv-series/engineering-reborn
 
Description How to Increase Autonomy with Machine Learning Methods, a keynote talk for the 10th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN 2023) 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach International
Primary Audience Postgraduate students
Results and Impact Abstract of the talk
There is a fast development of different machine learning methods - for object classification, tracking, action recognition and other tasks with multiple types of data - from images and videos to time series data. Autonomous image and video analytics faces a number of challenges due to the huge volumes of data that sensors provide, the changeable environmental conditions and other factors. However, it is important to know when the methods work well and when they are not reliable, e.g. how much could we trust the obtained results? How could we characterise trust is a related question. How could we quantify the impact of uncertainties on the developed solutions? This talk discussed current trends in the area of machine learning and show results for image and video analytics for autonomous systems.
Automated detection and behaviour analysis is another important area which necessitates unsupervised learning algorithms. Recent results for automated video analytics were presented with Dirichlet process models, deep learning and other methods. Their pros and cons were discussed.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
URL https://www.amity.edu/spin2023/
 
Description Interactions with House of Lords and House of Commons 
Form Of Engagement Activity Engagement focused website, blog or social media channel
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Policymakers/politicians
Results and Impact I am currently in correspondence with Lady Cumberlege (Member of the House of Lords) and two MPs to support an application for the Royal Society MP/Researcher pairing scheme - https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/pairing-scheme/. Lady Cumberlege shares my ideals of the importance of public engagement with science and will be a fantastic partner for this application. Lady Cumberlege and two MPs have shared my research on their social media accounts.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Offer holder days 18th March 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Offer holder to Materials Science & Engineering Undergraduate courses (and their guests) are invited to the University to tour some of the research and teaching facilities and to learn about ongoing research activities to support their decision making
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description Offer holder days 18the February 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Offer holder to Materials Science & Engineering Undergraduate courses are invited to the University to tour some of the research and teaching facilities and to learn about ongoing research activities to support their decision making
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description Offer holder days 4th March 2023 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Offer holder to Materials Science & Engineering Undergraduate courses are invited to the University to tour some of the research and teaching facilities and to learn about ongoing research activities to support their decision making.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023,2024
 
Description On campus open day 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Public/other audiences
Results and Impact Explained Materials Science & Engineering to potential applicants and parents
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description Participation in 2nd UK Advanced Materials Workshop 
Form Of Engagement Activity Participation in an activity, workshop or similar
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact This workshop looked potential barriers to the adoption and upscaling of some types of advanced materials. I contributed to the discussion during breakout sessions.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2023
 
Description RAS 2024 | 7th Annual IEEE UK and Ireland Robotics and Automation Society Chapter Conference 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I chaired a session of Autonomy, Trust and verification.
Also I gave a talk as part of this session, giving an overview of our research related to these topics.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2024
URL https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/sheffieldrobotics/7th-ieee-uk-ireland-ras-conference-ras-2024
 
Description Research talk and Q&A panel member to 2D materials CDT conference 2022 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Professional Practitioners
Results and Impact I gave a research talk - informing PGR cohorts of 2D materials CDT on research on SEE MORE MAKE MORE and how this relates to energy and 2 D Materials. I was a member of a Q&A panel (representing Academia). I was joined by a panel member representing SME and knowledge transfer unit respectively. The panel answered questions on future career path, IP etc. and spin outs etc.
This helped students to plan for and decide on future career path after PhD.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022
 
Description online Taster day for secondary schools 
Form Of Engagement Activity A talk or presentation
Part Of Official Scheme? No
Geographic Reach National
Primary Audience Schools
Results and Impact A talk to introduce Materials Science & Engineering to Y12 pupils to increase awareness of this subject area.
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity 2022