Human cytomegalovirus: changes in the latently infected cell as chemotherapeutic and immunological targets for antiviral therapy
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Cambridge
Department Name: Medicine
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a type of herpesvirus which is carried without symptoms by the majority of the population. However, it can cause serious disease in infants born to mothers who acquire the infection in pregnancy and in people whose immune systems are suppressed, for instance when they undergo transplantation for an organ such as a kidney or bone marrow it can be life threatening. The fact that up to 3 people are dying a day because of a lack of a suitable transplant organs and this is resulting in a call for increases in the number of transplants in the UK (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11688102), HCMV disease is likely to become more and more of a problem in transplant patients.
Unlike many other viruses, HCMV is never cleared after its initial infection but persists for the life time of the individual. At least in part, this is due to the ability of HCMV to avoid the immune system by expression of virus genes which help it avoid immune responses. However, the lifelong persistence of this virus is also a biological property of all herpesviruses because the virus is able to undergo a so-called latent infection, where the virus hides in the cell without making new virus particles but is still able to reawaken, generating new infectious virtues which can cause disease and can also be passed on to other uninfected people.
Understanding how the virus succeeds in maintaining itself in most people without causing disease and how this relationship breaks down to cause disease should help develop better methods of treating the virus and for designing a vaccine (there is currently no vaccine available).
Our research is aimed at determining (i) the mechanism by which the virus maintains a silent infection (latency) in specialised cells of the immune system and how these help the virus reawaken (reactivation) and (ii) how the immune system is prevented from eliminating the virus from the body.
In addition to advancing our understanding of HCMV, in particular, this research may also lead to a better understanding of other virus infections which persist in the body, how the human host controls and help identify common strategies for their elimination.
Unlike many other viruses, HCMV is never cleared after its initial infection but persists for the life time of the individual. At least in part, this is due to the ability of HCMV to avoid the immune system by expression of virus genes which help it avoid immune responses. However, the lifelong persistence of this virus is also a biological property of all herpesviruses because the virus is able to undergo a so-called latent infection, where the virus hides in the cell without making new virus particles but is still able to reawaken, generating new infectious virtues which can cause disease and can also be passed on to other uninfected people.
Understanding how the virus succeeds in maintaining itself in most people without causing disease and how this relationship breaks down to cause disease should help develop better methods of treating the virus and for designing a vaccine (there is currently no vaccine available).
Our research is aimed at determining (i) the mechanism by which the virus maintains a silent infection (latency) in specialised cells of the immune system and how these help the virus reawaken (reactivation) and (ii) how the immune system is prevented from eliminating the virus from the body.
In addition to advancing our understanding of HCMV, in particular, this research may also lead to a better understanding of other virus infections which persist in the body, how the human host controls and help identify common strategies for their elimination.
Technical Summary
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) primary infection of the immunocompetent is asymptomatic. However, infection of individuals with compromised or immature immune systems can be life threatening. Furthermore, HCMV persists for the lifetime of the host which, at least in part, is due to the ability of HCMV to avoid immunesurveillance and, ultimately,establish a latent infection. Cellular latency is defined as genome carriage with viral transcription limited to a few latency-associated genes and no infectious virus production. Consequently, current therapies targeting HCMV replication will not target the latent virus. However, viral reactivation from latency is a major cause of disease in immune suppressed transplant patients. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence associating HCMV with long-term diseases (i.e. atherosclerosis, chronic graft rejection and neoplasias) with reactivation of latent HCMV likely to be a major source of virus. Consequently, therapeutics that target latently infected cells could have far reaching clinical implications.
Work from our laboratory has been instrumental in identifying a subset of viral genes expressed during HCMV latency, the host immune responses to these latency-associated antigens,and how these genes modify the latently infected cell.In the case of expression of viral UL138 during latency, we have already identified changes in the latently infected cell mediated by UL138 expression allowing them to be targeted chemotherapeutically.
We propose to build on this work and comprehensively analyse the effects of expression of additional viral latency-associated genes on the cell and the immune response. Such analyses will allow a more comprehensive understanding of how this human pathogen persists for the lifetime of the host and also identify additional changes in the latently infected cell which can be further exploited for chemotherapeutic and immunological targets to lead to credible strategies aimed at eliminating latent virus.
Work from our laboratory has been instrumental in identifying a subset of viral genes expressed during HCMV latency, the host immune responses to these latency-associated antigens,and how these genes modify the latently infected cell.In the case of expression of viral UL138 during latency, we have already identified changes in the latently infected cell mediated by UL138 expression allowing them to be targeted chemotherapeutically.
We propose to build on this work and comprehensively analyse the effects of expression of additional viral latency-associated genes on the cell and the immune response. Such analyses will allow a more comprehensive understanding of how this human pathogen persists for the lifetime of the host and also identify additional changes in the latently infected cell which can be further exploited for chemotherapeutic and immunological targets to lead to credible strategies aimed at eliminating latent virus.
Planned Impact
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is universally distributed in human populations and, like herpesviruses, persists throughout life following primary infection. HCMV remains an important human pathogen, particularly in the settings of congenital infection; it is the commonest infective cause of congenital central nervous system damage and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised subjects (Rubin Rev Infect Dis 1990. Drew Rev Infect Dis 1988), especially in the context of organ and bone marrow allografting. Whilst antiviral therapy is available, significant side effects and drug resistance occur. Additionally, treatment does not eliminate the virus which can subsequently reactivate and cause further morbidity. Consequently, HCMV headed the list of vaccines needed by the US in the report from the Institute of Medicine on Priorities for Vaccines (Arvin Clin Infect Dis 2004), in part reflecting the weighting this gave to quality life years saved.
Understanding virus pathogenesis at a molecular level during both lytic infection and latency, and thus how viral gene products interact with host immune responses, is crucial for rational design of therapeutics - both novel antiviral strategies and approaches to vaccines. For HCMV, this is increasingly important; not least because of the calls for transplant organs by the BMA and Government (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11688102) but also because there is increasing opinion that long-term persistence of HCMV, which encompasses reactivation from latency, is associated with long-term diseases such as atherosclerosis, chronic graft rejection and neoplasias.
This research will directly benefit research academics (UK and international) both in the herpesvirus community as well as communities interested in the mechanisms of immunity and immune evasion; providing immediate impact for the duration of the grant.
Similarly, the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) community clearly benefits from any successful outcomes of the proposed research programme through decreased transplantation-mediated HCMV disease.The University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, as one of the 11 NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centres (BRC) in the UK, are ideally placed to adopt new insights in technologies, techniques and treatments for improving health and to translate fundamental biomedical research into clinical research that benefits patients: Infection & Immunity is one of the 11 themes in our BRC, which will help facilitate the translational research associated with this application.
We expect our research to inform industrial partners interested in vaccine and drug development as results from the proposed research will provide key information both for vaccine design and for drug targeting. For instance, a successful vaccine program of women prior to pregnancy will have very clear health impacts through the prevention of congenital infections and the subsequent long term health care costs associated with treating these patients.
Our proposed programme will support two technicians and two postdoctoral scientists, all of whom are supported by our present programme of work. Our long-term funding has allowed, and will continue to allow, our research technicians to become highly skilled laboratory workers. Their in-house training will also enable them to move into higher level managerial and teaching roles vital for the effective running of research groups and University Departments. The training that our post-doctoral researchers receive, not only in laboratory based research but also in undergraduate and PhD student teaching as well as oral and written presentational skills, will enable them to move on to academic posts to develop their own research programs as well as to become well trained scientists who would also be highly valued by industry.
Understanding virus pathogenesis at a molecular level during both lytic infection and latency, and thus how viral gene products interact with host immune responses, is crucial for rational design of therapeutics - both novel antiviral strategies and approaches to vaccines. For HCMV, this is increasingly important; not least because of the calls for transplant organs by the BMA and Government (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11688102) but also because there is increasing opinion that long-term persistence of HCMV, which encompasses reactivation from latency, is associated with long-term diseases such as atherosclerosis, chronic graft rejection and neoplasias.
This research will directly benefit research academics (UK and international) both in the herpesvirus community as well as communities interested in the mechanisms of immunity and immune evasion; providing immediate impact for the duration of the grant.
Similarly, the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) community clearly benefits from any successful outcomes of the proposed research programme through decreased transplantation-mediated HCMV disease.The University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, as one of the 11 NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centres (BRC) in the UK, are ideally placed to adopt new insights in technologies, techniques and treatments for improving health and to translate fundamental biomedical research into clinical research that benefits patients: Infection & Immunity is one of the 11 themes in our BRC, which will help facilitate the translational research associated with this application.
We expect our research to inform industrial partners interested in vaccine and drug development as results from the proposed research will provide key information both for vaccine design and for drug targeting. For instance, a successful vaccine program of women prior to pregnancy will have very clear health impacts through the prevention of congenital infections and the subsequent long term health care costs associated with treating these patients.
Our proposed programme will support two technicians and two postdoctoral scientists, all of whom are supported by our present programme of work. Our long-term funding has allowed, and will continue to allow, our research technicians to become highly skilled laboratory workers. Their in-house training will also enable them to move into higher level managerial and teaching roles vital for the effective running of research groups and University Departments. The training that our post-doctoral researchers receive, not only in laboratory based research but also in undergraduate and PhD student teaching as well as oral and written presentational skills, will enable them to move on to academic posts to develop their own research programs as well as to become well trained scientists who would also be highly valued by industry.
Organisations
- University of Cambridge (Lead Research Organisation)
- University of Copenhagen (Collaboration)
- University College London (Collaboration)
- Academic Medical Center (Collaboration)
- Cardiff University (Collaboration)
- University of Amsterdam (Collaboration)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (Collaboration)
- UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE (Collaboration)
- Cleveland Clinic (Collaboration)
Publications
Abratenko P
(2020)
Measurement of space charge effects in the MicroBooNE LArTPC using cosmic muons
in Journal of Instrumentation
Avdic S
(2016)
Human Cytomegalovirus-Encoded Human Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Homolog Amplifies Its Immunomodulatory Potential by Upregulating Human IL-10 in Monocytes.
in Journal of virology
Bomfim G
(2023)
Cytomegalovirus and Cardiovascular Disease: A Hypothetical Role for Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Hypertension
in American Journal of Hypertension
Champion A
(2023)
MORC3 represses the HCMV major immediate early promoter in myeloid cells in the absence of PML nuclear bodies.
in Journal of medical virology
Chavali PL
(2017)
Neurodevelopmental protein Musashi-1 interacts with the Zika genome and promotes viral replication.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Costa H
(2013)
Human cytomegalovirus gene UL76 induces IL-8 expression through activation of the DNA damage response.
in PLoS pathogens
Davies EL
(2022)
HCMV carriage in the elderly diminishes anti-viral functionality of the adaptive immune response resulting in virus replication at peripheral sites.
in Frontiers in immunology
De Groof TWM
(2021)
Targeting the latent human cytomegalovirus reservoir for T-cell-mediated killing with virus-specific nanobodies.
in Nature communications
Elder E
(2019)
HCMV latency: what regulates the regulators?
in Medical microbiology and immunology
Elder E
(2019)
Monocytes Latently Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus Evade Neutrophil Killing.
in iScience
Elder E
(2019)
HCMV latency: what regulates the regulators?
Description | Doctoral Training Grant |
Amount | £60,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2013 |
End | 09/2016 |
Description | Glaxo Smith Kline Varsity Award |
Amount | £430,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) |
Sector | Private |
Country | Global |
Start | 03/2017 |
End | 03/2020 |
Description | MRC DCS/DPFS |
Amount | £1,900,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | P42942 RG69425 |
Organisation | MRC Biomedical Catalyst Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme (DPFS) |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 12/2015 |
End | 11/2018 |
Description | MRC DTP Doctoral Training Award |
Amount | £80,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | RG86932 |
Organisation | University of Cambridge |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Description | MRC Doctoral Training Grant |
Amount | £60,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2014 |
End | 09/2017 |
Description | MRC Programme Grant |
Amount | £1,600,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/K021087/1 |
Organisation | Medical Research Council (MRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2013 |
End | 10/2018 |
Description | Medical Research Council Programme Grant |
Amount | £2,500,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | MR/S00081X/1 |
Organisation | University of Cambridge |
Sector | Academic/University |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 11/2018 |
End | 10/2023 |
Description | NIHR BRC pump priming Award |
Amount | £15,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Department | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 01/2015 |
End | 04/2015 |
Description | NIHR/BRC: - NIHR BRC pump priming Award |
Amount | £10,000 (GBP) |
Organisation | National Institute for Health Research |
Department | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2017 |
End | 04/2018 |
Description | Wellcome Infection Immunity and Inflammation PhD Programme |
Amount | £110,000 (GBP) |
Funding ID | 109075/Z/15/A |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 09/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Description | Wellcome Trust Collaborative award |
Amount | £2,593,375 (GBP) |
Organisation | Wellcome Trust |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 03/2017 |
End | 03/2022 |
Title | Assessment of anti-viral activity by Cytomegalovirus dissemination assay |
Description | We have developed an assay system to allow the assessment of antiviral activity of T cells and NK cells against human cytomegalovirus using autologous fibroblasts and dendritic cells. This assay is a significant advance on measuring specific cell frequencies and effector measure as it allows a quantitative measure of anti viral activity and can be used to compare the ability to control HCMV between eg different patient groups. |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2014 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | This assay was first developed to examine anti-cytomegalovirus activity of CD8+ T cells and we have subsequently used it to examine CD4+ T cells (doi: 10.1128/JVI.02128-16) and NK cells doi: 10.1128/JVI.02614-15. As part of a successful Welcome Trust collaborative award we will be using this assay to examine cytomegalovirus vireamia in the context of solid organ transplantation. |
Title | Novel immunotoxin to target HCMV latently infected cells |
Description | We have developed a novel fusion-toxin protein to target and kill HCMV latently infected cells |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2017 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | We have been approached by a number of international organ transplant centres to determine whether this novel immunotoxin could be used to clear latently infected cells from solid organs. |
URL | http://www.med.cam.ac.uk/blog/novel-therapeutic-make-stem-cell-transplants-safer/ |
Title | Transient activation of human cytomegalovirus lytic gene expression during latency allows cytotoxic T cell killing of latently infected cells |
Description | This approach of transiently inducing viral lytic gene expression by HDAC inhibition, in otherwise latently infected cells, offers a window of opportunity to target and purge the latent myeloid cell reservoir by making these normally immunologically undetectable cells visible to pre-existing host immune responses to viral lytic antigens. |
Type Of Material | Technology assay or reagent |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | We are presently investigating the possibility of using such an approach to reduce the latent load of HCMV in stem cell grafts prior to engraftment |
Description | Analysis of LUNA |
Organisation | University College London |
Department | Department of Infection and Population Health |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of the control of the HCMV latency-associated LUNA gene product of HCMV |
Collaborator Contribution | co-analysers of the LUNA gene product |
Impact | Reeves et al 2010. Human cytomegalovirus IE72 protein interacts with the transcriptional repressor hDaxx to regulate LUNA gene expression during lytic infection J. Virol 84:7185 |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Analysis of latency-associated transcripts |
Organisation | Cleveland Clinic |
Department | Cleveland Clinic Foundation |
Country | United States |
Sector | Charity/Non Profit |
PI Contribution | Our research led to the detection of certain viral genes during latent infection |
Collaborator Contribution | Our collaborators helped us to define latent transcripts further work on which was funded by an MRC Programme Grant renewal |
Impact | Betty Lau, Emma Poole, Ellen Van Damme, Lieve Bunkens, Madeleine Sowash, Harry King, Eain Murphy, Mark Wills, Marnix Van Loock, John Sinclair 2016. Human cytomegalovirus miR-UL112-1 promotes the down-regulation of viral immediate early gene expression during latency to prevent T cell recognition of latently infected cells Published ahead of print 10.1099/jgv.0.000546 Betty Lau, Emma Poole, Benjamin Krishna, Immaculada Sellart, Mark R. Wills, Eain Murphy, and¬ John Sinclair (2016) The Expression of Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNA MiR-UL148D during Latent Infection in Primary Myeloid Cells Inhibits Activin A-triggered Secretion of IL-6. Sci Rep. 6 :31205, doi:10.1038/srep31205 |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | Analysis of nanobodies targeting viral US28 to reactivate HCMV |
Organisation | University of Amsterdam |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of the ability of nanobodies targeting US28, provided by our collaborators, to reactivate HCMV in the myeloid lineage |
Collaborator Contribution | Provision of the US28-specific nanobodies |
Impact | Multidisciplinary - Medicinal chemistry and virology |
Start Year | 2017 |
Description | Are latency antigen specific regulatory T cells generated during the primary immune response? |
Organisation | Academic Medical Center |
Country | Netherlands |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and assayed in IFN? and cIL-10 ELISPOT assays following stimulation with LUNA, US28, UL111A, UL138 and UL144 peptides. PBMC are available up to several years post seroconversion and will be tested as outlined above. This analysis will allow us to determine when latency specific CD4+ T cells are generated and if regulator cIL10 producing cells are rapidly generated in the primary immune response or develop later. We will also be able to address if CD8+ T cells are generated to these antigens and potentially lost from the memory pool. |
Collaborator Contribution | PBMC from patients receiving HCMV seropositive kidney transplants from the earliest time available post seroconversion will be provided alongside relevant clinical data. |
Impact | none as yet only just started |
Start Year | 2014 |
Description | Single Cell RNAseq of latently infected cells |
Organisation | Weizmann Institute of Science |
Country | Israel |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We provide sorted latently infected CD34 and CD14 positive cells for RNAseq |
Collaborator Contribution | RNA sequencing of latently infected cells |
Impact | None, yet |
Start Year | 2015 |
Description | T cell control of lytic HCMV infection |
Organisation | Cardiff University |
Department | Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We have generated a anti-viral assay system which can be used to investigate the immunological control of lytic replicating cytomegalovirus and allow us to understand the function of viral immune evasion genes and which cellular components of immune response are resonsible for virustatic and virucidal action |
Collaborator Contribution | Dr Stanton has been generating viral mutants removing key immune evasion genes of interest to be used in our anti-viral assay. |
Impact | Publication:- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor 1-Expressing Human Natural Killer Cell Subsets Differentially Recognize Isolates of Human Cytomegalovirus through the Viral Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Homolog UL18. Chen KC, Stanton RJ, Banat JJ, Wills MR. J Virol. 2016 Jan 6;90(6):3123-37. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02614-15. |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | US28 as a therapeutic target of latent HCMV infection |
Organisation | University of Copenhagen |
Country | Denmark |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | We are providing the latent model for analysis |
Collaborator Contribution | Provisions of reagents |
Impact | Targeting the latent cytomegalovirus reservoir with an antiviral fusion toxin protein; Nature Communications NCOMMS-16-15473C, 2017, B. A. Krishna, K. Spiess, E. L. Poole, B. Lau, S. Voigt, T. N. Kledal, M. M. Rosenkilde, J. H. Sinclair |
Start Year | 2013 |
Description | proteomics analyses of latency-associated HCMV genes |
Organisation | University of Cambridge |
Department | Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR) |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Analysis of the role of US28 and UL138-interacting proteins in HCMV latency |
Collaborator Contribution | Proteomic analysis to identify interaction partners with latency-associated HCMV genes |
Impact | Weekes, M.P, Tan SY, Poole E, Talbot S, Antrobus R, Smith DL, Montag C, Gygi SP, Sinclair JH, Lehner PJ. (2013) Latency-associated degradation of the MRP1 drug transporter during latent human cytomegalovirus infection. Science 340, 199-202. Karniely S, Weekes MP, Antrobus R, Rorbach J, van Haute L, Umrania Y, Smith DL, Stanton RJ, Minczuk M, Lehner PJ, Sinclair JH. 2016. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Upregulates the Mitochondrial Transcription and Translation Machineries. MBio 7 |
Start Year | 2013 |
Title | Novel immunotoxin to target HCMV latently infected cells |
Description | A novel fusion toxin protein has been developed that targets HCMV latently infected cells. Such specific fusion toxin proteins could form the basis of a therapeutic strategy for eliminating latently infected cells before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. |
Type | Therapeutic Intervention - Drug |
Current Stage Of Development | Initial development |
Year Development Stage Completed | 2017 |
Development Status | Actively seeking support |
Impact | We have been contacted by a number of international solid organ transplant centres to collaborate with them on the possibility of using such a novel immunotherapeutic to clear HCMV latent infection form solid organs prior to transplant. |
Description | Assisting in both GCSE and A-level science subjects |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Over the course of the current MRC grant two of our PhD students have engaged with local schools assisting in both GCSE and A-level science subjects, we believe it is important that school students have the opportunity to engage with University research scientists to impart their enthusiasm for basic research. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2014,2015,2016,2017 |
Description | Cambridge Science festival with the Cambridge Immunology Network |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Our PhD students have volunteered at the yearly Cambridge Science festival with the Cambridge Immunology Network, at their stand focusing on engaging the public with basic immunology, such as how the immune system works to fight infection. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2016,2017,2018 |
Description | Chairs at International Cytomegalovirus Workshop 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Both John Sinclair and Mark Wills were on the Scientific advisory board and conference chair persons for this meeting |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |
Description | School Visit |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Local |
Primary Audience | Schools |
Results and Impact | Visit to local primary school as part of Cambridge Science Week |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2019 |
Description | Scientific Advisory panel and Chairs International Herpesvirus Workshop Ghent 2017 |
Form Of Engagement Activity | Participation in an activity, workshop or similar |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Both John Sinclair and Mark Wills were on the Scientific advisory board and conference chair persons for this meeting |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2017 |