Tropical Biomes in Transition
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Leeds
Department Name: Sch of Geography
Abstract
Rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropical zone. They account for over 70% of the world's plant species. With massive areas and with high rates of latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global climate. We have a limited understanding of their contemporary and future responses to global change. Tropical rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. Although rainfall is a key determinant affecting their relative distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. Our knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distributions of these biomes. Such knowledge is fundamental for understanding and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. A drying of the Amazon Basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. Significant transitions centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to South America Improved predictions of the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will depend on a significantly improved understanding of the environmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. Our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological basis of these determinants, to better understand the basis of differences in surface energy and CO2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much more accurate representation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. This will be achieved by a 'model-data development program involving field campaigns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key 'hot spot' rainforest/savanna transition zones. Comprehensive measurements will be made including key plant physiological processes (photosynthesis water relations), vegetation stand structure and composition, and soil physical and chemical properties. New high resolution climatologies will also be developed and novel methodologies advanced to allow determination of tropical vegetation structure and fire frequency from space. These will be validated and tested and along with the field based data and then used to develop a new quantitative understanding of tropical biome distributions at a global scale. Derived relationships will be compared against more primitive ones currently used to describe tropical vegetation/climate relationships and consequences for predictions of past and future vegetation change evaluated Information from field observations will be used in conjunction with data assimilated from outside the project to develop new models of tropical vegetation distribution and function. Models derived will be as mechanistic as possible with predicted distributions and structure/flux of vegetation tested using larger scale distributional and structural data from remote sensing data Finally we will incorporate our new and improved understanding of tropical vegetation distribution and processes with new global climate model (GCM) runs to provide new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and the future global climate. We anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.
Publications
Bloomfield K
(2014)
Contrasting photosynthetic characteristics of forest vs. savanna species (Far North Queensland, Australia)
in Biogeosciences
Brienen RJ
(2015)
Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink.
in Nature
Cazzolla Gatti R
(2022)
The number of tree species on Earth.
Cazzolla Gatti R
(2022)
The number of tree species on Earth.
Cazzolla Gatti R
(2022)
The number of tree species on Earth.
in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto
(2022)
The number of tree species on Earth
Coelho De Souza F
(2019)
Evolutionary diversity is associated with wood productivity in Amazonian forests.
in Nature ecology & evolution
De Oliveira E
(2013)
Diversity, abundance and distribution of lianas of the Cerrado-Amazonian forest transition, Brazil
in Plant Ecology & Diversity
Domingues TF
(2010)
Co-limitation of photosynthetic capacity by nitrogen and phosphorus in West Africa woodlands.
in Plant, cell & environment
Draper FC
(2021)
Amazon tree dominance across forest strata.
in Nature ecology & evolution
Esquivel-Muelbert A
(2016)
Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics
in Ecography
Esquivel-Muelbert A
(2020)
Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests
in Nature Communications
Esquivel-Muelbert A
(2019)
Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change.
in Global change biology
Fauset S
(2015)
Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling.
in Nature communications
Feldpausch T
(2011)
Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees
in Biogeosciences
Feldpausch T
(2016)
Amazon forest response to repeated droughts
in Global Biogeochemical Cycles
ForestPlots.net
(2021)
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
in Biological Conservation
Gatti LV
(2014)
Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements.
in Nature
Honorio Coronado E
(2015)
Phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian tree communities
in Diversity and Distributions
Johnson M
(2016)
Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in A mazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models
in Global Change Biology
KATTGE J
(2011)
TRY - a global database of plant traits
in Global Change Biology
Lewis SL
(2009)
Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests.
in Nature
Liang J
(2022)
Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients
in Nature Ecology & Evolution
Lloyd J
(2016)
Are fire mediated feedbacks burning out of control?
Lloyd J
(2009)
Amazonia and Global Change
Lloyd J
(2009)
Are the dynamics of tropical forests dominated by large and rare disturbance events?
in Ecology letters
Lloyd J
(2008)
Contributions of woody and herbaceous vegetation to tropical savanna ecosystem productivity: a quasi-global estimate.
in Tree physiology
Lloyd J
(2008)
Effects of rising temperatures and [CO2] on the physiology of tropical forest trees.
in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
Marimon B
(2013)
Disequilibrium and hyperdynamic tree turnover at the forest-cerrado transition zone in southern Amazonia
in Plant Ecology & Diversity
Massi K
(2017)
Does soil pyrogenic carbon determine plant functional traits in Amazon Basin forests?
in Plant Ecology
Mitchard E
(2011)
Measuring biomass changes due to woody encroachment and deforestation/degradation in a forest-savanna boundary region of central Africa using multi-temporal L-band radar backscatter
in Remote Sensing of Environment
Mitchard ET
(2014)
Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites.
in Global ecology and biogeography : a journal of macroecology
Muscarella R
(2020)
The global abundance of tree palms
in Global Ecology and Biogeography
Nardoto G
(2013)
Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest nitrogen-cycling characteristics as inferred from plant and soil 15 N: 14 N measurements
in Plant Ecology & Diversity
Pacheco-Angulo C
(2017)
Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in a Forest Reserve in Venezuela between 1990 and 2015
in Forests
Peripato V
(2023)
More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Phillips OL
(2019)
Species Matter: Wood Density Influences Tropical Forest Biomass at Multiple Scales.
in Surveys in geophysics
Phillips OL
(2017)
Carbon uptake by mature Amazon forests has mitigated Amazon nations' carbon emissions.
in Carbon balance and management
Pos E
(2023)
Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology.
in Scientific reports
Requena Suarez D
(2019)
Estimating aboveground net biomass change for tropical and subtropical forests: Refinement of IPCC default rates using forest plot data.
in Global change biology
Rozendaal D
(2022)
Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests
in Environmental Research Letters
Rozendaal DMA
(2020)
Competition influences tree growth, but not mortality, across environmental gradients in Amazonia and tropical Africa.
in Ecology
Saiz G
(2012)
Variation in soil carbon stocks and their determinants across a precipitation gradient in W est A frica
in Global Change Biology
Description | Tropical vegetation types require delineation in terms of both florstics and stand structure. The newest simulation suggest that tropical forests are less sensitive to climate change than previously thought, but with our lack of understanding in temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration remaining key uncertainties. |
Sectors | Environment |
Description | FAPESP/NERC Biomes |
Amount | R$ 2,576,234 (BRL) |
Funding ID | 2015/50488-5 |
Organisation | São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) |
Sector | Public |
Country | Brazil |
Start | 08/2016 |
End | 09/2019 |
Title | Height-diameter input data and R-code to fit and assess height-diameter models, from 'Field methods for sampling tree height for tropical forest biomass estimation' in Methods in Ecology and Evolution |
Description | 1. Quantifying the relationship between tree diameter and height is a key component of efforts to estimate biomass and carbon stocks in tropical forests. Although substantial site-to-site variation in height-diameter allometries has been documented, the time consuming nature of measuring all tree heights in an inventory plot means that most studies do not include height, or else use generic pan-tropical or regional allometric equations to estimate height. 2. Using a pan-tropical dataset of 73 plots where at least 150 trees had in-field ground-based height measurements, we examined how the number of trees sampled affects the performance of locally-derived height-diameter allometries, and evaluated the performance of different methods for sampling trees for height measurement. 3. Using cross-validation, we found that allometries constructed with just 20 locally measured values could often predict tree height with lower error than regional or climate-based allometries (mean reduction in prediction error = 0.46 m). The predictive performance of locally-derived allometries improved with sample size, but with diminishing returns in performance gains when more than 40 trees were sampled. Estimates of stand-level biomass produced using local allometries to estimate tree height show no over- or under-estimation bias when compared with estimates using measured heights. We evaluated five strategies to sample trees for height measurement, and found that sampling strategies that included measuring the heights of the ten largest diameter trees in a plot outperformed (in terms of resulting in local height-diameter models with low height prediction error) entirely random or diameter size-class stratified approaches. 4. Our results indicate that even remarkably limited sampling of heights can be used to refine height-diameter allometries. We recommend aiming for a conservative threshold of sampling 50 trees per location for height measurement, and including the ten trees with the largest diameter in this sample. |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2018 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Description | Global forest canopy temperature network NetCTF |
Organisation | University of Plymouth |
Department | Psychology Plymouth |
Country | United Kingdom |
Sector | Academic/University |
PI Contribution | Involvement (Co-supervision) of PhD student who examining differences of canopy thermal regulation of high CO2 versus ambient CO2 exposure tree crowns at the BIFOR face experiment and who installed continuous measurement capability at a newly constructed tropical forest canopy overlooking tower in Ghana. Similar to other projects of ours the purpose of these measurements is to obtain a mechanistic understanding of limits of functioning of tropical forests. |
Collaborator Contribution | Measurements of canopy thermal regulation of high CO2 versus ambient CO2 exposure tree crowns at the BIFOR face experiment and installation of continuous measurement capability at a newly constructed tropical forest canopy overlooking tower in Ghana. Similar to other projects of ours the purpose of these measurements is to obtain a mechanistic understanding of limits of functioning of tropical forests. |
Impact | Work ongoing. Very interesting results with manuscripts in preparation. |
Start Year | 2021 |
Description | Invited lecture at Belem summer school (invited by Marcos Adami) |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Undergraduate students |
Results and Impact | Lecture entitled 'Climate impacts on Amazonian Forests' |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |
Description | Invited talk 25 year Jubilee Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | Regional |
Primary Audience | Professional Practitioners |
Results and Impact | Invited talk - presentation of a wide range of results including climate change of tropical South America, changes of its carbon balance, sensiitivity of tropical forests to heat and drought stress |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2022 |