Surgery and Therapy with Power Ultrasonics Devices made with Lead-Free Materials

In ultrasonic devices, the piezoelectric material is the principal source of ultrasound. In ultrasonic devices used in therapeutic and surgical applications, the most commonly used piezoelectric material is lead zirconate titanate (PZT), a lead-based piezoelectric ceramic. However, due to the adverse effect of lead on human health and the environment, as well as the health and safety legislation relating to its use in electronic and medical devices, there is an increasing demand for lead-free piezoelectric materials.The performance of power ultrasonic devices is reliant on the elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric (EPD) constants of the piezoelectric material adopted in the design process. Also, the EPD matrices, populated by these constants, are vital inputs for finite element modelling used in the design of devices. Hence, it is essential to obtain the full elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric constants of new lead-free piezoelectric materials in order to evaluate their properties for use in power ultrasonic devices for therapy and surgery. The overall aim, a collaboration between FUSE CDT and Meggitt A/S, is to propose novel power ultrasonic device designs by combining finite element analysis with the full characterisation of newly developed lead-free piezoelectric materials. To achieve this aim, a method which combines conventional characterisation techniques with a finite element model optimisation algorithm will be used to obtain the EPD constants for a range of lead-free materials. The research will investigate how these properties of the lead-free materials can be optimally employed in power ultrasonic devices through proposing novel transducer configurations.

FUSE has been designed to maximise impact in partnership with industry, international academics, and other organisations such as NPL and the NHS. It includes funded mechanisms to deal with opportunities in equality, diversity and integration (EDI) and in realisation of impactful outcomes.

EDI is aimed at realising the full potential of the talented individuals that join FUSE. Funding mechanisms include support for ten undergraduate internships to prime the pipeline into FUSE research studentships; part-time studentships reserved for people with specific needs to access this route; and talent scholarships for people from Widening Participation backgrounds. Additionally, cultural issues will be addressed through funded support for work life-balance activities and for workshops exploring the enhancement of research creativity and inventiveness through diversity.

People: As a community, FUSE will contribute to impact principally through its excellent training of outstanding people. At least 54 EngD and PhD graduates will emerge with very high value skills from the experience FUSE will provide in ultrasonics and through highly relevant professional skills. This will position them perfectly as future leaders in ultrasonics in the types of organisation represented by the partners.

Knowledge: FUSE will also create significant knowledge which will be captured in many different forms including industrial know-how, patents and processes, designs, and academic papers. Management of this knowledge will be integrated into the students' training, including data management and archival, and will be communicated effectively to those in positions to exploit it.

Economic Gain: In turn, the people and knowledge will lead to the economic impact that FUSE is ultimately designed to generate. The close interaction between the FUSE academics, its research students and industry partners will make it particularly efficient and, since FUSE includes both suppliers and customers, the transition from knowledge creation to exploitation will be accelerated.

Societal Benefit: FUSE is well placed to deliver a number of societal benefits which will reinforce our researcher training and external partner impacts. This activity encompasses new consumer products; improved public safety through advanced inspection across many industrial sectors; and new modalities for medical surgery and therapy. In addition, FUSE will provide engaging demonstrators to promote education in science, technology, engineering and maths, helping replenish the FUSE pipeline and supporting growth of the FUSE community far beyond its immediate members.

Impactful outcomes will gain from several specific funding mechanisms: horizon scanning workshops will focus on specific ultrasonic engineering application areas with industrial and other external participation; all FUSE students will have external partners and both industrial and international academic secondments will be arranged, as well as EngD studentships primarily in industry; and industry case studies will be considered. There will also be STEM promotion activity, funding ultrasonic technology demonstrators to support school outreach and public science and engineering events.