From Atoms to Planets
Lead Research Organisation:
The Open University
Department Name: PSSRI (Planetary & Space Sciences RI)
Abstract
Our proposal, 'from atoms to planets', is a study of how the Solar System formed, how it has changed over billions of years, and how different processes eventually led to evolution of a planet capable of sustaining life. Approximately 4,600 million years ago, the Sun emerged from a collapsing molecular cloud. Through a series of complex processes (including accretion of dust, gas and ice in different relative quantities, depending on distance from the Sun, followed by coagulation, agglomeration, melting, separation into layers and solidification), the disk that circled the Sun gradually became the planets and their satellites, plus asteroids and comets. As the planets formed, they experienced alteration by melting ice and by heating, and then the effects of bombardment, collision, break-up, and re-formation. On one planet, Earth, water condensed and formed oceans, and life emerged. It is difficult to look back through all these processes to the original material from which the Solar System formed. We cannot study rocks from the Earth's surface, because they have been changed by geological and biological processing and are no longer representative of material that aggregated from the solar nebula. The timeline of events taking place during the early Solar System can only be determined by study of meteorites and dust collected in space and from comets. Our research programme is an integrated study of the physics, chemistry and biology of extraterrestrial materials. We investigate these materials in different ways: (1) by analysing meteorites, pieces of the Moon and Mars, and interplanetary and cometary dust in the laboratory, or (2) by making measurements using instruments on spacecraft of the surfaces of Solar System bodies such as the Moon and Mars, Titan (Saturn's giant moon), comets and asteroids. To complement the analytical and exploration aspects of our work, we perform laboratory simulations of the formation processes, and also develop computer models of how processes might have occurred. As well as using instruments to make measurements (either in the laboratory or on spacecraft), we also design and build equipment ourselves. We have been successful in launching instruments to Mars, to Titan and to a comet. Now we are designing equipment to send to the Moon and to Europa (Jupiter's icy satellite), in order to learn about the composition and structure of these very different bodies. We specialise in analysis of small amounts of material, often only a few grains that might only be a few microns in size. We use electron microscopes to take images of samples, and to learn their elemental composition, and what minerals are present. We also use different types of mass spectrometer to determine the isotopic and molecular composition of the material. We can get an amazing amount of information from the tiniest of grains / from which we can learn how our star and its planets formed. We know that there are many stars in the Galaxy orbited by planets, however, we still know only one place where life exists, and that is here on Earth. But our planet is not made from any particularly unusual materials, the star we orbit is quite ordinary, and for life forms such as ourselves, the relative proportions in our bodies of elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (for instance) are similar to those in stars (implying that we are, chemically speaking, not particularly unusual). As astronomers use ever-more sophisticated telescopes in attempts to uncover the details of the planetary systems that are closest to us, the microscopes we use on Earth to analyse relevant physically available materials are probing ever deeper into the details of our own planetary system. Eventually, we hope that by studying extraterrestrial materials, we will be able to understand how life began on Earth, and whether it has evolved elsewhere in the Solar System.
Organisations
Publications
Anand M.
(2007)
Fe isotopic composition of inner solar system materials: Tthe fit of Martian basalts and minerals
in GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
Anand M.
(2006)
Ar-Ar age and halogen characteristics of nakhlite MIL 03346: Records of crustal processes on Mars
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
André N
(2009)
Special issue with papers from the ESLAB 2008 Symposium on 'Cosmic Cataclysms and Life'
in International Journal of Astrobiology
Atkinson K
(2010)
Penetrometry of granular and moist planetary surface materials: Application to the Huygens landing site on Titan
in Icarus
Ball A
(2009)
Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS) - A martian Moons orbiter and Phobos lander
in Advances in Space Research
Ball A
(2009)
A small mission for in situ exploration of a primitive binary near-Earth asteroid
in Advances in Space Research
Barrat J
(2009)
Trace element geochemistry of K-rich impact spherules from howardites
in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Barrat J. A.
(2010)
NORTHWEST AFRICA 2968/3329: DUNITIC AND DIOGENITIC PEBBLES FROM THE SAME MESOSIDERITE FALL?
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2009)
GEOCHEMISTRY OF HED CUMULATES: A SYNTHESIS
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2009)
HIGH-K GLASSES AND "KREEPY" CLASTS IN HOWARDITES: EVIDENCE FOR K-RICH TERRANE(S) ON 4 VESTA
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2008)
Still more diversity in the diogenite parental melts
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2006)
Petrology and geochemistry of the fine-grained, unbrecciated diogenite Northwest Africa 4215
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2008)
Geochemistry of diogenites: Still more diversity in their parental melts
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barrat J. A.
(2007)
Are Stannern-trend eucrites ordinary eucrites contaminated by crustal partial melts?
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Barucci M
(2008)
MARCO POLO: near earth object sample return mission
in Experimental Astronomy
Benedix G. K.
(2006)
Effects of alteration on desert meteorites
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Bentley M
(2011)
On the application of magnetic methods for the characterisation of space weathering products
in Planetary and Space Science
Bentley M
(2009)
In situ multi-frequency measurements of magnetic susceptibility as an indicator of planetary regolith maturity
in Planetary and Space Science
Bhandari N.
(2008)
Ararki (L5) chondrite: The first meteorite find in Thar Desert of India
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Billi Daniela
(2011)
Damage Escape and Repair in Dried
Chroococcidiopsis spp. from Hot and Cold Deserts Exposed to Simulated Space and Martian Conditions
in ASTROBIOLOGY
Bland P. A.
(2009)
BUNBURRA ROCKHOLE: A NEW ANOMALOUS ACHONDRITE
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Bland PA
(2009)
An anomalous basaltic meteorite from the innermost main belt.
in Science (New York, N.Y.)
Brack A
(2010)
Origin and evolution of life on terrestrial planets.
in Astrobiology
Brandstätter F
(2008)
Mineralogical alteration of artificial meteorites during atmospheric entry. The STONE-5 experiment
in Planetary and Space Science
BRIDGES J
(2010)
Iron oxides in comet 81P/Wild 2
in Meteoritics and Planetary Science
Buchanan P. C.
(2009)
FOREIGN MATERIALS IN POLYMICT BRECCIAS FROM VESTA
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
BULLOCK E
(2010)
Sulfur isotopic composition of Fe-Ni sulfide grains in CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites
in Meteoritics & Planetary Science
Bullock E. S.
(2009)
SULFUR ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF FE-NI SULFIDE GRAINS IN CI AND CM CHONDRITES
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Burchell M. J.
(2008)
Characteristics of cometary dust tracks in Stardust aerogel and laboratory calibrations
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Burchell MJ
(2006)
Identification of minerals and meteoritic materials via Raman techniques after capture in hypervelocity impacts on aerogel
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Busemann H.
(2009)
CARBON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF 36 INTERPLANETARY DUST PARTICLES
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Cockell C
(2008)
Interstellar planetary protection
in Advances in Space Research
Cockell C
(2008)
Darwin-an experimental astronomy mission to search for extrasolar planets
in Experimental Astronomy
Cockell C
(2008)
Visions of ourselves
in Nature
Cockell C
(2009)
Bacteria in Weathered Basaltic Glass, Iceland
in Geomicrobiology Journal
Cockell C
(2009)
Planetary targets in the search for extrasolar oxygenic photosynthesis
in Plant Ecology & Diversity
Cockell C
(2010)
Astrobiology-What Can We Do on the Moon?
in Earth, Moon, and Planets
Cockell C
(2009)
Advancing the case for microbial conservation
in Oryx
Cockell C
(2013)
Mutually assured pathogenicity
in Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
Cockell C
(2010)
Microbial endolithic colonization and the geochemical environment in young seafloor basalts
in Chemical Geology
Cockell C. S.
(2009)
Microbial geomorphology - The role of a biota in coastal erosion
in GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA
Cockell C. S.
(2010)
The Microbial Diversity of Volcanic Rocks
in ORIGINS OF LIFE AND EVOLUTION OF BIOSPHERES
Cockell Charles S.
(2007)
Impact-induced impoverishment and transformation of a sandstone habitat for lithophytic microorganisms
in METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE
Cockell Charles S.
(2007)
Originism: Ethics and extraterrestrial life
in JBIS-JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY
Cockell Charles S.
(2006)
Hypolithic colonization of opaque rocks in the Arctic and Antarctic Polar Desert
in ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH
Cockell Charles S.
(2008)
An essay on extraterrestrial liberty
in JBIS-JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY
Cockell Charles S.
(2009)
LIBERTY AND THE LIMITS TO THE EXTRATERRESTRIAL STATE
in JBIS-JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH INTERPLANETARY SOCIETY
Cockell CS
(2011)
Vacant habitats in the Universe.
in Trends in ecology & evolution
Cockell CS
(2011)
Molecular characterization and geological microenvironment of a microbial community inhabiting weathered receding shale cliffs.
in Microbial ecology
Cockell CS
(2009)
Alteration textures in terrestrial volcanic glass and the associated bacterial community.
in Geobiology
Description | This was a large Rolling Grant with many outcomes. |
Exploitation Route | Much of the research was published. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Chemicals Education Other |
Description | Many papers have been published. |
First Year Of Impact | 2008 |
Description | Many schemes |
Amount | £1 (GBP) |
Organisation | Science and Technologies Facilities Council (STFC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start |
Description | Outreach activities |
Form Of Engagement Activity | A talk or presentation |
Part Of Official Scheme? | No |
Geographic Reach | International |
Primary Audience | Public/other audiences |
Results and Impact | Talks to societies/schools, and various media activities etc. The exercise satisfies a basic human desire to communicate. Professional scientists are concerned about the measures needed to ensure an adequate intake of students into the subject. Scientists also relish the opportunity to tell lay audiences how they use tax-payers' money. |
Year(s) Of Engagement Activity | 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010 |