Gallium nitride enabled hybrid and flexible photonics
Lead Research Organisation:
University of Strathclyde
Department Name: Inst of Photonics
Abstract
Compound semiconductors lie at the heart of modern-day information and communications technologies, and of these none is currently more important than gallium nitride and its associated family of alloys. This material system allows the production of sophisticated optical devices (lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodiodes) covering the ultraviolet and visible spectrum for displays, optical data storage and photovoltaics; it enables the development of advanced microwave electronic devices (transistors) for high temperature, high power and high frequency operation. Most of the work currently undertaken with gallium nitride focuses on the basic material itself and the devices that can be made directly from it. Here, in a visionary programme interfacing to a wide range of other materials and disciplines, we seek to explore the unique potential of gallium nitride for 'hybrid and flexible photonics'. These two interrelated themes involve the integration of nitride semiconductor micro/nanostructures and devices with compatible hard and soft materials, which we take to include single crystal diamond, nanocomposites, polymer overlayers and substrates, printable electronics, organic resists, biopolymers, and metal/plasmonic structures. Imagine, for example, hybrid waveguide devices made from gallium nitride and diamond. These could generate and manipulate single photons of light, towards computation and communications systems exploiting the full potential of quantum mechanics, or could enable lasers to be made from diamond via the so-called stimulated Raman process. Imagine, furthermore, the transfer of gallium nitride devices onto flexible substrates and their control via printable electronics. This could facilitate large area micro-displays, and a wide range of instrumentation and communications systems. Imagine the wavelength conversion of gallium nitride emission via nanocomposites and metal-based plasmonic effects, as the basis of multi-gigahertz visible light communications systems. Imagine a range of nanophotonic sources capable of stuying fundamental energy transfer processes on a nanoscale and of performing ultra-high resolution photolithography and direct write patterning. All of these capabilities and more can be forseen by the development of hybrid technologies based on gallium nitride. They present tremendous opportunities for UK leadership in fields of science and technology as diverse as nanoscience, lasers and nonlinear optics, quantum information, bioscience and visible light communications.
Planned Impact
Our programme concerns novel ways of generating light in solid-state systems and using it for communications, sensing and measurement. It engages with a number of breaking research areas of national and international importance, including Visible Light Communications, Advanced Photonic Instrumentation, Flexible Photonics, Diamond Photonics, and Integrated Quantum Photonics. We bring a common underpinning vision to these areas, in the shape of the potential of gallium nitride semiconductor materials science and device technology - the basis of today's blue, green and white light emitting diodes and Blu-Ray optical data storage - to help to define their coverage and impact. Our proposal is timely, in that the above themes have yet to be fully defined and scoped out as academic disciplines; the overall responsibility we undertake in the programme is to communicate our vision as widely as possible and work with a broad range of academic colleagues, professional bodies, industry and others, to promote these themes, help them to emerge, and ensure they contribute to UK leadership on the international stage. Furthermore, we are committed to systems and instrumentation demonstrations as the key motivation and target of our underpinning materials and devices work, ensuring that we have end-users and commercial exploitation in mind from the very beginnings of the programme. The above themes fit within a broader societal context in important areas including (i) Solid State Lighting, (ii) Displays, (iii) Secure and Universal Communications, (iv) Energy Efficient 'Green Photonics' Systems, and (v) Biomedicine. Thus solid-state lighting, poised to replace inefficient and short-lifetime incandescent and fluorescent lamps, can also be modulated at high data rates to provide secure and scalable optical communications capability in buildings, rooms, offices, laboratories and operating theatres, and in smart and autonomous systems. Display technologies can be envisaged with a combined communications function, so that mobile phones or personal digital assistants, for example, can act simultaneously as 'pico-projectors' of image data and personal optical communicators. These display technologies are evolving from all-inorganic to hybrid organic-inorganic or all-organic, and thus beginning to absorb the concepts and potentialities of flexible ('bendy') photonics. In several of these areas, novel communications concepts based on the properties of quantum mechanics are beginning to be appreciated in not just an esoteric but in a practical sense; the materials and systems we are considering are poised to help make these fundamental conceptions into practical systems concepts. Thus the personal and secure optical communicator of tomorrow (see above) might well, for example, use quantum encoding and be based on gallium nitride or diamond components. Photonic Instrumentation already makes considerable contributions in Biomedicine, from research to hospitals and clinics. The device technologies we envisage offer exciting prospects for new forms of microscopy, for neuroscience, for retinal and neural prosthesis, and for miniaturised diagnostic tools such a laboratory-on-a-chip. The developments above offer new opportunities to UK industry, in particular in the development of commercial optical systems modules, instruments, communications networks and infrastructure, and in associated software and control electronics. We will work with our wide range of company contacts and engagement programmes and mechanisms to ensure that industry is fully aware of the technical advances as they occur. Our programme is multi-disciplinary in nature and very hands-on and visual. We have found that this acts as an exciting draw to young people in pursuing careers in science, and we will continue to engage in this via science fairs, the Glasgow Science Centre, supporting school visits and talks, and in undergraduate projects and preparation for post-graduate work.
Organisations
Publications
Zheng Gong (Co-Author)
(2011)
Electrical, spectral and optical performance of yellow-green and amber micro-pixelated InGaN light-emitting diodes
in semiconductor science and technology
Wang Y
(2011)
Ultra-portable explosives sensor based on a CMOS fluorescence lifetime analysis micro-system
in AIP Advances
Zhang Y
(2011)
GaN directional couplers for integrated quantum photonics
in Applied Physics Letters
Zhang Y
(2011)
Large cross-section edge-coupled diamond waveguides
in Diamond and Related Materials
McKnight L
(2011)
Diamond Raman Waveguide Lasers: Completely Analytical Design Optimization Incorporating Scattering Losses
in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
Hernandez-Santana A
(2011)
Dip-pen nanolithography of nanostructured oligofluorene truxenes in a photo-curable host matrix
in Journal of Materials Chemistry
Edwards P
(2011)
Cathodoluminescence nano-characterization of semiconductors
in Semiconductor Science and Technology
Chen Y
(2011)
Flexible distributed-feedback colloidal quantum dot laser
in Applied Physics Letters
Parrotta DC
(2011)
Tunable continuous-wave diamond Raman laser.
in Optics express
Savitski V
(2012)
Characterization of Single-Crystal Synthetic Diamond for Multi-Watt Continuous-Wave Raman Lasers
in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
Lethy K
(2012)
Cross-sectional and plan-view cathodoluminescence of GaN partially coalesced above a nanocolumn array
in Journal of Applied Physics
Patton B
(2012)
Optical properties of single crystal diamond microfilms fabricated by ion implantation and lift-off processing
in Diamond and Related Materials
Lethy K
(2012)
Cathodoluminescence studies of GaN coalesced from nanopyramids selectively grown by MOVPE
in Semiconductor Science and Technology
Kachkanov V
(2012)
Characterization of InGaN and InAlN Epilayers by Microdiffraction X-Ray Reciprocal Space Mapping
in MRS Proceedings
Taylor E
(2012)
Colorimetry and efficiency of white LEDs: Spectral width dependence
in physica status solidi (a)
Laurand N
(2012)
Colloidal quantum dot nanocomposites for visible wavelength conversion of modulated optical signals
in Optical Materials Express
Gong Z
(2012)
Electrical, spectral and optical performance of yellow-green and amber micro-pixelated InGaN light-emitting diodes
in Semiconductor Science and Technology
Vennéguès P
(2012)
Nature and origin of V-defects present in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy-grown (InxAl1-x)N layers as a function of InN content, layer thickness and growth parameters
in Journal of Crystal Growth
Edwards PR
(2012)
High-resolution cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging of nitride nanostructures.
in Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
McKendry J
(2012)
Visible-Light Communications Using a CMOS-Controlled Micro-Light- Emitting-Diode Array
in Journal of Lightwave Technology
Xie E
(2012)
Strain relaxation in InGaN/GaN micro-pillars evidenced by high resolution cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging
in Journal of Applied Physics
Massoubre D
(2012)
Individually-addressed planar nanoscale InGaN-based light emitters
Schulz S
(2013)
Composition-Dependent Band Gap and Band-Edge Bowing in AlInN: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study
in Applied Physics Express
Foucher C
(2013)
Highly-photostable and mechanically flexible all-organic semiconductor lasers
in Optical Materials Express
Trindade A
(2013)
Nanoscale-accuracy transfer printing of ultra-thin AlInGaN light-emitting diodes onto mechanically flexible substrates
in Applied Physics Letters
Kaminska A
(2013)
Peculiarities in the pressure dependence of photoluminescence in InAlN
in physica status solidi (b)
Findlay N
(2013)
Linear oligofluorene-BODIPY structures for fluorescence applications
in Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Haughey A
(2013)
Organic distributed feedback laser biosensor
Haughey A
(2013)
An organic semiconductor laser based on star-shaped truxene-core oligomers for refractive index sensing
in Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
Taylor E
(2013)
Composition and luminescence studies of InGaN epilayers grown at different hydrogen flow rates
in Semiconductor Science and Technology
Zhuang Y
(2013)
Optical Properties of GaN Nanorods Containing a Single or Multiple InGaN Quantum Wells
in Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
Le Boulbar E
(2013)
Facet recovery and light emission from GaN/InGaN/GaN core-shell structures grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy on etched GaN nanorod arrays
in Journal of Applied Physics
Bruckbauer J
(2014)
Cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging of trench-like defects in InGaN/GaN quantum well structures
in Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
Wallace M
(2014)
Bias dependence and correlation of the cathodoluminescence and electron beam induced current from an InGaN/GaN light emitting diode
in Journal of Applied Physics
Yakushev M
(2014)
Electronic and structural characterisation of Cu3BiS3 thin films for the absorber layer of sustainable photovoltaics
in Thin Solid Films
Wright I
(2014)
Fused H-shaped tetrathiafulvalene-oligothiophenes as charge transport materials for OFETs and OPVs
in J. Mater. Chem. C
Findlay N
(2014)
Light-Emitting Diodes: An Organic Down-Converting Material for White-Light Emission from Hybrid LEDs (Adv. Mater. 43/2014)
in Advanced Materials
Haughey AM
(2014)
An oligofluorene truxene based distributed feedback laser for biosensing applications.
in Biosensors & bioelectronics
Taylor E
(2014)
Structural and optical properties of Ga auto-incorporated InAlN epilayers
in Journal of Crystal Growth
Trager-Cowan C
(2014)
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging of Defects in III-Nitride Semiconductors
in Microscopy and Microanalysis
Haughey AM
(2014)
Hybrid organic semiconductor lasers for bio-molecular sensing.
in Faraday discussions
Kusch G
(2014)
Influence of substrate miscut angle on surface morphology and luminescence properties of AlGaN
in Applied Physics Letters
Yakushev M
(2014)
Landau levels of the C-exciton in CuInSe2 studied by magneto-transmission
in Applied Physics Letters
Lewins C
(2014)
Strong photonic crystal behavior in regular arrays of core-shell and quantum disc InGaN/GaN nanorod light-emitting diodes
in Journal of Applied Physics
Foucher C
(2014)
Wavelength-tunable colloidal quantum dot laser on ultra-thin flexible glass
in Applied Physics Letters
Smith M
(2014)
Determination of Ga auto-incorporation in nominal InAlN epilayers grown by MOCVD
in Journal of Materials Chemistry C
Arumugam S
(2014)
Charge transport in a two-dimensional molecular organic semiconductor
in J. Mater. Chem. C
Guilhabert B
(2014)
Nanosecond colloidal quantum dot lasers for sensing
in Optics Express
Description | This grant focussed on combining gallium nitride LED illumination and lighting technology with compatible materials including diamond and polymers, for improved performance and/or enhancing versatility and utility. Waveguide systems were fabricated in GaN and diamond as the basis of new technology for nonlinear optics and quantum technologies; diamond Raman lasers were developed and demonstrated; hybrid GaN/organic and GaN/polymer structures were demonstrated for visible light communications, and novel mechanically flexible nanocomposites and GaN/polymer structures were created. We demonstrated transfer printing technology with nano-positioning accuracy, which opens many new possibilities in mechanical assembly of heterogeneous systems. These are now being carried forward in the EPSRC Programme Grant Heteroprint (2018-2023) |
Exploitation Route | We have widely disseminated the results of this programme to academic and industrial colleagues and facilitated new partnerships (e.g. with Oliver at Cambridge, and with Plessey) to exploit the outputs in GaN/polymer hybrids. The core capability in GaN and diamond processing led to our partnership in two of the phase 1 quantum technology hubs (Glasgow and Oxford) as the basis of novel imaging and computation systems, respectively. |
Sectors | Aerospace Defence and Marine Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software) Electronics Healthcare Pharmaceuticals and Medical Biotechnology |
Description | Our work on diamond microfabrication was initially disseminated to Element Six, and has subsequently underpinned a Quantum Technology Hub partnership project with Oxford Instruments, and commercial diamond processing in our facility by another company from 2017. Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics is now engaged in aspects of visible light communications (VLC) and maskless lithography initiated under the grant, the VLC theme also having been central to a Programme Grant led from Strathclyde Institute of Photonics (UP-VLC). Hybrid micro-assembly as pursued in the grant is now focussed around micro-transfer printing (MTF), which is the theme of another current Programme Grant, Hetero-print. Somewhat earlier, MTF was an enabling technology for the Innovate UK project Flexi-LEDs, involving Plessey Semiconductors, Thomas Swan, and Nano Products as company partners. |
First Year Of Impact | 2014 |
Sector | Aerospace, Defence and Marine,Digital/Communication/Information Technologies (including Software),Electronics |
Impact Types | Societal |
Description | 'Hetero-print': A holistic approach to transfer-printing for heterogeneous integration in manufacturing |
Amount | £5,541,652 (GBP) |
Funding ID | EP/R03480X/1 |
Organisation | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) |
Sector | Public |
Country | United Kingdom |
Start | 05/2018 |
End | 05/2024 |
Title | Novel 4,8-Benzobisthiazole (BBT) copolymers and their application in OFET and OPV devices |
Description | "This dataset contains the raw data for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Images, Cylcic Voltamomgrams (CV), UV-Vis spectra and Organic Field-Effect Transistor (OFET) devices present in the paper. Also included are Nuclear Magentic Resonance (NMR) and Thermal Gravametric Analysis (TGA) data. AFM images were generated using WSXM 5.0 are formatted in associated formats. CV, UV, TGA and OFET data are presented in .txt or .xls files that can be opened with typical graphing software, or created using OriginPro 2015 and saved in associated formats. NMR data is in the .fid or .xwp format." |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | Not Applicable |
Title | Supplementary Information: To bend or not to bend - are heteroatom interactions within conjugated molecules effective in dictating conformation and planarity |
Description | "Supplementary information for Materials Horizons paper on affect of heteroatom interactions on planarity. Investigation of the roles of heteroatoms (mainly nitrogen, the halogens and the chalcogens) in dictating the conformation of linear conjugated molecules and polymers through non-covalent intramolecular interactions. Whilst hydrogen bonding is a competitive and sometimes more influential interaction, we provide unambiguous evidence that heteroatoms are able to determine the conformation of such materials with reasonable predictability. Zip file contains two Powerpoint presentations and supplementary data in a Microsoft Word file. " |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Year Produced | 2016 |
Provided To Others? | Yes |
Impact | Not Applicable |
Title | Thiazole-induced rigidification in substituted dithieno-tetrathiafulvalene: the effect of planarisation on charge transport properties |
Description | "All data relating to compounds 1 and 2 in the pulication: Proton and carbon NMR data (.fid), high resolution mass spectroscopy (pdf scans), Atomic Force Microscopy raw data, cyclic voltammetry raw data (.txt), DFT calculation output files (.txt/FCHK files), OFET raw data (excel ffiles), TGA data (excel files) and UV-Vis data (origin file). Data created under the following projects: (EP/I029141) (EP/L012200/1). high resolution mass spectrometry data from the EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University." |
Type Of Material | Database/Collection of data |
Provided To Others? | No |
Impact | Not recorded |